Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) are Nature-based Solutions that are designed and implemented to address Climate Adaptation needs. EbA involves the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems, such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, mangroves or coral reefs to reduce the harmful impacts of climate hazards including shifting patterns or levels of rainfall, changes in maximum and minimum temperatures, stronger storms, and increasingly variable climatic conditions. EbA measures can be implemented on their own or in combination with engineered approaches (such as the construction of water reservoirs or dykes), hybrid measures (such as artificial reefs) and approaches that strengthen the capacities of individuals and institutions to address climate risks (such as the introduction of early warning systems). But in contrast to NbS, Ecosystem Approaches do not necessarily focus on social benefits.

NbS offers a strong pathway for climate adaptation if integrated in countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions, National Adaptation Plans and their Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategies. In the context of climate mitigation, while NbS supports mitigation actions, it should be only complimentary to an ambitious strategy for reducing Green House Emissions.